Section § 3344

Explanation

If someone uses another person's name, voice, signature, photo, or image for products or advertising without permission, they can be sued for damages. This rule doesn't apply if the person's likeness is used for news, public affairs, or political campaigns. People who publish the ad, like TV stations or newspapers, aren't responsible unless they knew the use was unauthorized. The injured party can claim the greater of $750 or actual damages, plus any profits made from the unauthorized use, and may also seek punitive damages and attorney's fees. However, permission isn't needed just because something is advertised; it must be closely linked to the commercial sponsorship to require consent. Exceptions exist for incidental use in employee photos. This law adds to any other legal remedies someone might have.

(a)CA Civil Law Code § 3344(a) Any person who knowingly uses another’s name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness, in any manner, on or in products, merchandise, or goods, or for purposes of advertising or selling, or soliciting purchases of, products, merchandise, goods or services, without such person’s prior consent, or, in the case of a minor, the prior consent of his parent or legal guardian, shall be liable for any damages sustained by the person or persons injured as a result thereof. In addition, in any action brought under this section, the person who violated the section shall be liable to the injured party or parties in an amount equal to the greater of seven hundred fifty dollars ($750) or the actual damages suffered by him or her as a result of the unauthorized use, and any profits from the unauthorized use that are attributable to the use and are not taken into account in computing the actual damages. In establishing such profits, the injured party or parties are required to present proof only of the gross revenue attributable to such use, and the person who violated this section is required to prove his or her deductible expenses. Punitive damages may also be awarded to the injured party or parties. The prevailing party in any action under this section shall also be entitled to attorney’s fees and costs.
(b)CA Civil Law Code § 3344(b) As used in this section, “photograph” means any photograph or photographic reproduction, still or moving, or any videotape or live television transmission, of any person, such that the person is readily identifiable.
(1)CA Civil Law Code § 3344(b)(1) A person shall be deemed to be readily identifiable from a photograph when one who views the photograph with the naked eye can reasonably determine that the person depicted in the photograph is the same person who is complaining of its unauthorized use.
(2)CA Civil Law Code § 3344(b)(2) If the photograph includes more than one person so identifiable, then the person or persons complaining of the use shall be represented as individuals rather than solely as members of a definable group represented in the photograph. A definable group includes, but is not limited to, the following examples: a crowd at any sporting event, a crowd in any street or public building, the audience at any theatrical or stage production, a glee club, or a baseball team.
(3)CA Civil Law Code § 3344(b)(3) A person or persons shall be considered to be represented as members of a definable group if they are represented in the photograph solely as a result of being present at the time the photograph was taken and have not been singled out as individuals in any manner.
(c)CA Civil Law Code § 3344(c) Where a photograph or likeness of an employee of the person using the photograph or likeness appearing in the advertisement or other publication prepared by or in behalf of the user is only incidental, and not essential, to the purpose of the publication in which it appears, there shall arise a rebuttable presumption affecting the burden of producing evidence that the failure to obtain the consent of the employee was not a knowing use of the employee’s photograph or likeness.
(d)CA Civil Law Code § 3344(d) For purposes of this section, a use of a name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness in connection with any news, public affairs, or sports broadcast or account, or any political campaign, shall not constitute a use for which consent is required under subdivision (a).
(e)CA Civil Law Code § 3344(e) The use of a name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness in a commercial medium shall not constitute a use for which consent is required under subdivision (a) solely because the material containing such use is commercially sponsored or contains paid advertising. Rather it shall be a question of fact whether or not the use of the person’s name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness was so directly connected with the commercial sponsorship or with the paid advertising as to constitute a use for which consent is required under subdivision (a).
(f)CA Civil Law Code § 3344(f) Nothing in this section shall apply to the owners or employees of any medium used for advertising, including, but not limited to, newspapers, magazines, radio and television networks and stations, cable television systems, billboards, and transit ads, by whom any advertisement or solicitation in violation of this section is published or disseminated, unless it is established that such owners or employees had knowledge of the unauthorized use of the person’s name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness as prohibited by this section.
(g)CA Civil Law Code § 3344(g) The remedies provided for in this section are cumulative and shall be in addition to any others provided for by law.

Section § 3344.1

Explanation

This law protects the rights to a deceased person's name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness from being used commercially without permission. If someone uses these attributes without consent, they may have to pay damages, including calculated profits or a minimum of $750. A digital replica of a deceased person can also incur higher fines unless used for news, education, or parody. These rights are seen as property and can be inherited or transferred. The rights last for 70 years after the person's death. Individuals, like surviving spouses or children, and certain other parties have the authority to consent to or oppose the use of these rights. Special attention is given to regulations around deceased musicians. Also, if a violation is committed by media without knowledge, they are typically not liable. Exceptions and detailed consent scenarios mean that registration with the state is required to claim these rights.

(a)Copy CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(a)
(1)Copy CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(a)(1) (A) Subject to subparagraph (B), a person who uses a deceased personality’s name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness, in any manner, on or in products, merchandise, or goods, or for purposes of advertising or selling, or soliciting purchases of, products, merchandise, goods, or services, without prior consent from the person or persons specified in subdivision (c), shall be liable for any damages sustained by the person or persons injured as a result thereof. In addition, in any action brought under this section, the person who violated the section shall be liable to the injured party or parties in an amount equal to the greater of seven hundred fifty dollars ($750) or the actual damages suffered by the injured party or parties, as a result of the unauthorized use, and any profits from the unauthorized use that are attributable to the use and are not taken into account in computing the actual damages. In establishing these profits, the injured party or parties shall be required to present proof only of the gross revenue attributable to the use, and the person who violated the section shall prove the person’s deductible expenses. Punitive damages may also be awarded to the injured party or parties. The prevailing party or parties in any action under this section shall also be entitled to attorney’s fees and costs.
(B)Copy CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(a)(1)(B)
(i)Copy CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(a)(1)(B)(i) Except as provided in clause (ii), a play, book, magazine, newspaper, musical composition, audiovisual work, radio or television program, single and original work of art, work of political or newsworthy value, or an advertisement or commercial announcement for any of these works, shall not be considered a product, article of merchandise, good, or service if it is fictional or nonfictional entertainment, or a dramatic, literary, or musical work.
(ii)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(a)(1)(B)(i)(ii) If a work described in clause (i) includes within it a use in connection with a product, article of merchandise, good, or service, this use shall not be exempt under this subparagraph, notwithstanding the unprotected use’s inclusion in a work otherwise exempt under this subparagraph, if the claimant proves that this use is so directly connected with a product, article of merchandise, good, or service as to constitute an act of advertising, selling, or soliciting purchases of that product, article of merchandise, good, or service by the deceased personality without prior consent from the person or persons specified in subdivision (c).
(2)Copy CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(a)(2)
(A)Copy CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(a)(2)(A) (i) Notwithstanding paragraph (1) and subject to clause (ii), a person who produces, distributes, or makes available the digital replica of a deceased personality’s voice or likeness in an expressive audiovisual work or sound recording without prior consent from a person specified in subdivision (c) shall be liable to any injured party in an amount equal to the greater of ten thousand dollars ($10,000) or the actual damages suffered by a person controlling the rights to the deceased personality’s likeness.
(ii)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(a)(2)(A)(ii) For purposes of this section, a digital replica may be used without consent if the use of the digital replica meets any of the following criteria:
(I)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(a)(2)(A)(ii)(I) The use is in connection with any news, public affairs, or sports broadcast or account.
(II) The use is for purposes of comment, criticism, scholarship, satire, or parody.
(III) The use is a representation of the individual as the individual’s self in a documentary or in a historical or biographical manner, including some degree of fictionalization, unless the use is intended to create, and does create, the false impression that the work is an authentic recording in which the individual participated.
(IV) The use is fleeting or incidental.
(V)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(a)(2)(A)(ii)(V) The use is in an advertisement or commercial announcement for a work described in subclauses (I) to (IV), inclusive.
(B)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(a)(2)(A)(B) For purposes of this paragraph:
(i)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(a)(2)(A)(B)(i) “Audiovisual work” means a work that consists of a series of related images that are intrinsically intended to be shown by the use of machines or devices, including projectors, viewers, or electronic equipment, together with accompanying sounds, if any, regardless of the nature of the material objects, including films or tapes, in which the works are embodied.
(ii)Copy CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(a)(2)(A)(B)(ii)
(I)Copy CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(a)(2)(A)(B)(ii)(I) “Digital replica” means a computer-generated, highly realistic electronic representation that is readily identifiable as the voice or visual likeness of an individual that is embodied in a sound recording, image, audiovisual work, or transmission in which the actual individual either did not actually perform or appear, or the actual individual did perform or appear, but the fundamental character of the performance or appearance has been materially altered.
(II) “Digital replica” does not include the electronic reproduction, use of a sample of one sound recording or audiovisual work into another, remixing, mastering, or digital remastering of a sound recording or audiovisual work authorized by the copyrightholder.
(b)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(b) The rights recognized under this section are property rights, freely transferable or descendible, in whole or in part, by contract or by means of any trust or any other testamentary instrument, executed before or after January 1, 1985. The rights recognized under this section shall be deemed to have existed at the time of death of any deceased personality who died prior to January 1, 1985, and, except as provided in subdivision (o), shall vest in the persons entitled to these property rights under the testamentary instrument of the deceased personality effective as of the date of their death. In the absence of an express transfer in a testamentary instrument of the deceased personality’s rights in the deceased personality’s name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness, a provision in the testamentary instrument that provides for the disposition of the residue of the deceased personality’s assets shall be effective to transfer the rights recognized under this section in accordance with the terms of that provision. The rights established by this section shall also be freely transferable or descendible by contract, trust, or any other testamentary instrument by any subsequent owner of the deceased personality’s rights as recognized by this section. Nothing in this section shall be construed to render invalid or unenforceable any contract entered into by a deceased personality during the deceased personality’s lifetime by which the deceased personality assigned the rights, in whole or in part, to use the deceased personality’s name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness, regardless of whether the contract was entered into before or after January 1, 1985.
(c)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(c) The consent required by this section shall be exercisable by the person or persons to whom the right of consent, or portion thereof, has been transferred in accordance with subdivision (b), or if no transfer has occurred, then by the person or persons to whom the right of consent, or portion thereof, has passed in accordance with subdivision (d).
(d)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(d) Subject to subdivisions (b) and (c), after the death of any person, the rights under this section shall belong to the following person or persons and may be exercised, on behalf of and for the benefit of all of those persons, by those persons who, in the aggregate, are entitled to more than a one-half interest in the rights:
(1)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(d)(1) The entire interest in those rights belongs to the surviving spouse of the deceased personality unless there are any surviving children or grandchildren of the deceased personality, in which case one-half of the entire interest in those rights belongs to the surviving spouse.
(2)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(d)(2) The entire interest in those rights belongs to the surviving children of the deceased personality and to the surviving children of any dead child of the deceased personality unless the deceased personality has a surviving spouse, in which case the ownership of a one-half interest in rights is divided among the surviving children and grandchildren.
(3)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(d)(3) If there is no surviving spouse, and no surviving children or grandchildren, then the entire interest in those rights belongs to the surviving parent or parents of the deceased personality.
(4)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(d)(4) The rights of the deceased personality’s children and grandchildren are in all cases divided among them and exercisable in the manner provided in Section 240 of the Probate Code according to the number of the deceased personality’s children represented. The share of the children of a dead child of a deceased personality can be exercised only by the action of a majority of them.
(e)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(e) If any deceased personality does not transfer the deceased personality’s rights under this section by contract, or by means of a trust or testamentary instrument, and there are no surviving persons as described in subdivision (d), then the rights set forth in subdivision (a) shall terminate.
(f)Copy CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(f)
(1)Copy CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(f)(1) A successor in interest to the rights of a deceased personality under this section or a licensee thereof shall not recover damages for a use prohibited by this section that occurs before the successor in interest or licensee registers a claim of the rights under paragraph (2).
(2)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(f)(2) Any person claiming to be a successor in interest to the rights of a deceased personality under this section or a licensee thereof may register that claim with the Secretary of State on a form prescribed by the Secretary of State and upon payment of a fee as set forth in subdivision (d) of Section 12195 of the Government Code. The form shall be verified and shall include the name and date of death of the deceased personality, the name and address of the claimant, the basis of the claim, and the rights claimed.
(3)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(f)(3) Upon receipt and after filing of any document under this section, the Secretary of State shall post the document along with the entire registry of persons claiming to be a successor in interest to the rights of a deceased personality or a registered licensee under this section upon the Secretary of State’s internet website. The Secretary of State may microfilm or reproduce by other techniques any of the filings or documents and destroy the original filing or document. The microfilm or other reproduction of any document under this section shall be admissible in any court of law. The microfilm or other reproduction of any document may be destroyed by the Secretary of State 70 years after the death of the personality named therein.
(4)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(f)(4) Claims registered under this subdivision shall be public records.
(g)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(g) An action shall not be brought under this section by reason of any use of a deceased personality’s name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness occurring after the expiration of 70 years after the death of the deceased personality.
(h)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(h) As used in this section, “deceased personality” means any natural person whose name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness has commercial value at the time of that person’s death, or because of that person’s death, whether or not during the lifetime of that natural person the person used the person’s name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness on or in products, merchandise, or goods, or for purposes of advertising or selling, or solicitation of purchase of, products, merchandise, goods, or services. A “deceased personality” shall include, without limitation, any such natural person who has died within 70 years prior to January 1, 1985.
(i)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(i) As used in this section, “photograph” means any photograph or photographic reproduction, still or moving, or any videotape or live television transmission, of any person, such that the deceased personality is readily identifiable. A deceased personality shall be deemed to be readily identifiable from a photograph if one who views the photograph with the naked eye can reasonably determine who the person depicted in the photograph is.
(j)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(j) For purposes of this section, the use of a name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness in connection with any news, public affairs, or sports broadcast or account, or any political campaign, shall not constitute a use for which consent is required under subdivision (a).
(k)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(k) The use of a name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness in a commercial medium shall not constitute a use for which consent is required under subdivision (a) solely because the material containing the use is commercially sponsored or contains paid advertising. Rather, it shall be a question of fact whether or not the use of the deceased personality’s name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness was so directly connected with the commercial sponsorship or with the paid advertising as to constitute a use for which consent is required under subdivision (a).
(l)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(l) Nothing in this section shall apply to the owners or employees of any medium used for advertising, including, but not limited to, newspapers, magazines, radio and television networks and stations, cable television systems, billboards, and transit advertisements, by whom any advertisement or solicitation in violation of this section is published or disseminated, unless it is established that the owners or employees had knowledge of the unauthorized use of the deceased personality’s name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness as prohibited by this section.
(m)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(m) The remedies provided for in this section are cumulative and shall be in addition to any others provided for by law.
(n)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(n) In the case of an individual who performs music as a profession, an action to enforce this section may be brought by that individual and by any person or entity that has entered into a contract for the individual’s exclusive personal services as a recording artist or an exclusive license to distribute sound recordings that capture the individual’s audio performances.
(o)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(o) This section shall apply to the adjudication of liability and the imposition of any damages or other remedies in cases in which the liability, damages, and other remedies arise from acts occurring directly in this state. For purposes of this section, acts giving rise to liability shall be limited to the use, on or in products, merchandise, goods, or services, or the advertising or selling, or soliciting purchases of, products, merchandise, goods, or services prohibited by this section.
(p)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(p) Notwithstanding any provision of this section to the contrary, if an action was taken prior to May 1, 2007, to exercise rights recognized under this section relating to a deceased personality who died prior to January 1, 1985, by a person described in subdivision (d), other than a person who was disinherited by the deceased personality in a testamentary instrument, and the exercise of those rights was not challenged successfully in a court action by a person described in subdivision (b), that exercise shall not be affected by subdivision (b). In that case, the rights that would otherwise vest in one or more persons described in subdivision (b) shall vest solely in the person or persons described in subdivision (d), other than a person disinherited by the deceased personality in a testamentary instrument, for all future purposes.
(q)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.1(q) The rights recognized by this section are expressly made retroactive, including to those deceased personalities who died prior to January 1, 1985.

Section § 3344.5

Explanation

If someone uses your signature without permission, or if a campaign ad uses it to promote or oppose a political candidate, you can sue them. The law applies even if the ad advocates for multiple candidates, but only those directly affected can take action. If you win the case, you can get twice the cost of the offending communication, up to $50,000. A signature can be your actual handwritten or typed name, or any representation that acts like a signature.

(a)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.5(a) Any person whose signature is used in violation of, and any candidate for elective office whose election or defeat is expressly advocated in any campaign advertisement that violates, subdivision (b) of Section 115.1 of the Penal Code, shall have a civil cause of action against any person committing the violation.
(b)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.5(b) If a mass mailing or other printed matter that violates subdivision (b) of Section 115.1 of the Penal Code expressly advocates the election or defeat of more than one candidate only a person whose signature is used and the candidate or candidates to whom the unauthorized signature directly relates shall have a civil cause of action pursuant to this section.
(c)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.5(c) Any person bringing a cause of action pursuant to this section may recover damages in an amount of two times the cost of the communication, but not to exceed fifty thousand dollars ($50,000), with regard to which the unauthorized signature was used.
(d)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.5(d) As used in this section, “signature” means either of the following:
(1)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.5(d)(1) A handwritten or mechanical signature, or a copy thereof.
(2)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.5(d)(2) Any representation of a person’s name, including, but not limited to, a printed or typewritten representation, that serves the same purpose as a handwritten or mechanical signature.

Section § 3344.6

Explanation

If you're running for office and someone puts out a campaign ad that lies about you in violation of another specific law, you can sue that person. If the false statement impacts more than one candidate, only the candidates directly mentioned can take legal action. If you win, you could get damages equal to twice the cost of the ad, up to a maximum of $50,000.

(a)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.6(a) Any candidate for elective office whose election or defeat is expressly advocated in any campaign advertisement which violates subdivision (a) of Section 115.2 of the Penal Code shall have a civil cause of action against any person committing the violation.
(b)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.6(b) If a mass mailing or other printed matter which violates subdivision (a) of Section 115.2 of the Penal Code expressly advocates the election or defeat of more than one candidate, only the candidate or candidates to whom the misstatement or misrepresentation directly relates shall have a civil cause of action pursuant to this section.
(c)CA Civil Law Code § 3344.6(c) Any person bringing a cause of action pursuant to this section may recover damages in an amount of two times the cost of the communication, but not to exceed fifty thousand dollars ($50,000).

Section § 3345

Explanation

This law is about helping protect seniors, disabled people, and veterans from unfair or deceptive practices. If someone is found guilty of harming these individuals, judges can decide on penalties. These penalties might be increased up to three times if specific criteria are met, like if the offender knew they were targeting these groups, caused them significant losses, or if these individuals were more vulnerable and suffered serious harm as a result.

(a)CA Civil Law Code § 3345(a) This section shall apply only in actions brought by, on behalf of, or for the benefit of those individuals specified in paragraphs (1) to (3), inclusive, to redress unfair or deceptive acts or practices or unfair methods of competition.
(1)CA Civil Law Code § 3345(a)(1) Senior citizens, as defined in subdivision (f) of Section 1761.
(2)CA Civil Law Code § 3345(a)(2) Disabled persons, as defined in subdivision (g) of Section 1761.
(3)CA Civil Law Code § 3345(a)(3) Veterans, as defined in Section 18540.4 of the Government Code.
(b)CA Civil Law Code § 3345(b) Whenever a trier of fact is authorized by a statute to impose either a fine, or a civil penalty or other penalty, or any other remedy the purpose or effect of which is to punish or deter, and the amount of the fine, penalty, or other remedy is subject to the trier of fact’s discretion, the trier of fact shall consider the factors set forth in paragraphs (1) to (3), inclusive, in addition to other appropriate factors, in determining the amount of fine, civil penalty or other penalty, or other remedy to impose. Whenever the trier of fact makes an affirmative finding in regard to one or more of the factors set forth in paragraphs (1) to (3), inclusive, it may impose a fine, civil penalty or other penalty, or other remedy in an amount up to three times greater than authorized by the statute, or, where the statute does not authorize a specific amount, up to three times greater than the amount the trier of fact would impose in the absence of that affirmative finding.
(1)CA Civil Law Code § 3345(b)(1) Whether the defendant knew or should have known that their conduct was directed to one or more senior citizens, disabled persons, or veterans.
(2)CA Civil Law Code § 3345(b)(2) Whether the defendant’s conduct caused one or more senior citizens, disabled persons, or veterans to suffer: loss or encumbrance of a primary residence, principal employment, or source of income; substantial loss of property set aside for retirement, or for personal or family care and maintenance; or substantial loss of payments received under a pension or retirement plan or a government benefits program, or assets essential to the health or welfare of the senior citizen, disabled person, or veteran.
(3)CA Civil Law Code § 3345(b)(3) Whether one or more senior citizens, disabled persons, or veterans are substantially more vulnerable than other members of the public to the defendant’s conduct because of age, poor health or infirmity, impaired understanding, restricted mobility, or disability, and actually suffered substantial physical, emotional, or economic damage resulting from the defendant’s conduct.

Section § 3345.1

Explanation

This law focuses on civil actions involving minors or nonminor dependents who are victims of commercial sexual exploitation by adults or through social media platforms. It establishes that if found guilty, offenders can face increased fines up to three times the normal amount based on certain factors, like the extent of harm caused. The law also outlines penalties for social media platforms violating these regulations, setting fines between $1 million and $4 million. It emphasizes that neither the victim's consent nor the defendant's ignorance of the victim's age can be used as defenses. Additionally, penalties collected are paid to the victims, and trusts may be set up for underage victims until they turn 18. Social media platforms can avoid liability if they conduct regular audits and address risks promptly, and the criteria for determining knowledge of wrongdoing by platforms are specified.

(a)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(a) This section shall apply only in a civil action brought by, or on behalf of, or for the benefit of, a person who is a minor or nonminor dependent and is a victim of commercial sexual exploitation committed by a person who is over 18 years of age or facilitated, aided, or abetted by a social media platform in violation of subdivision (g). For purposes of this section, the age of the victim, the status of the victim as a minor or nonminor dependent, and the age of the defendant is determined at the time of the defendant’s act of commercial sexual exploitation of the victim.
(b)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(b) In a civil action brought by, on behalf of, or for the benefit of a minor, or nonminor dependent, against a person who engaged in any act of commercial sexual exploitation of a minor or nonminor dependent, whenever a trier of fact is authorized by a statute, other than subdivision (c), to impose either a fine, or a civil penalty or other penalty, or any other remedy the purpose or effect of which is to punish or deter, and the amount of the fine, penalty, or other remedy is subject to the trier of fact’s discretion, the trier of fact shall consider all of the following factors, in addition to other appropriate factors, in determining the amount of fine, civil penalty, or other penalty, or other remedy to impose. If the trier of fact makes an affirmative finding in regard to one or more of the following factors, it may impose a fine, civil penalty, or other penalty, or other remedy in an amount up to three times greater than authorized by the statute, or, if the statute does not authorize a specific amount, up to three times greater than the amount the trier of fact would impose in the absence of that affirmative finding:
(1)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(b)(1) Whether the defendant’s conduct was directed to more than one minor or nonminor dependent.
(2)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(b)(2) Whether one or more minors or nonminor dependents suffered substantial physical, emotional, or economic damage resulting from the defendant’s conduct.
(3)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(b)(3) Whether the defendant knew or reasonably should have known that the victim was a minor or nonminor dependent. It shall not be a defense to imposition of fines, penalties, or other remedies pursuant to this paragraph that the defendant was unaware of the victim’s age or status as a nonminor dependent at the time of the act.
(c)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(c) If the trier of fact is not authorized by statute to impose a civil penalty in an action described in subdivision (b), the court may award a civil penalty not exceeding fifty thousand dollars ($50,000), and not less than ten thousand dollars ($10,000), for each act of commercial sexual exploitation committed by the defendant upon making an affirmative finding in regard to one or more of the factors set forth in paragraphs (1) to (3), inclusive, of subdivision (b). This penalty may be imposed in addition to any other remedy available in law or in equity.
(d)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(d) Any penalty imposed pursuant to this section shall be paid to the victim of the act of sexual exploitation.
(e)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(e) It shall not be a defense to the imposition of fines or penalties pursuant to this section that the victim consented to the act of commercial sexual exploitation.
(f)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(f) If the victim is under 18 years of age, the court, in its discretion, may order that any penalty imposed pursuant to this section be held in trust for the victim and used exclusively for the benefit and well-being of the victim. When the victim reaches 18 years of age or is emancipated, the trust shall expire and any unspent remainder shall be the sole property of the victim.
(g)Copy CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(g)
(1)Copy CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(g)(1) A social media platform shall not knowingly facilitate, aid, or abet commercial sexual exploitation.
(2)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(g)(2) For a violation of this subdivision, a court shall award statutory damages not exceeding four million dollars ($4,000,000) and not less than one million dollars ($1,000,000) for each act of commercial sexual exploitation facilitated, aided, or abetted by the social media platform.
(3)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(g)(3) A social media platform shall not be deemed to be in violation of this subdivision if it demonstrates all of the following:
(A)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(g)(3)(A) The social media platform instituted and maintained a program of at least biannual audits of its designs, algorithms, practices, affordances, and features to detect designs, algorithms, practices, affordances, or features that have the potential to cause or contribute to violations of this subdivision.
(B)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(g)(3)(B) The social media platform took action, within 30 days of the completion of an audit described in subparagraph (A), designed to mitigate or eliminate the reasonably foreseeable risk that a design, algorithm, practice, affordance, or feature violates, or contributes to a violation of, this subdivision.
(C)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(g)(3)(C) The social media platform provided to each member of the social media platform’s board of directors a true and correct copy of each audit within 90 days of the audit being completed accompanied by a description of any action taken pursuant to subparagraph (B).
(4)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(g)(4) Without in any way limiting the application of the term “knowingly” under paragraph (1), for purposes of this subdivision, a social media platform shall be deemed to have knowledge under paragraph (1) if all of the following are true:
(A)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(g)(4)(A) Material was reported to a social media platform using the mechanism required under subdivision (a) of Section 3273.66 for four consecutive months.
(B)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(g)(4)(B) The criteria set forth in paragraphs (1) to (3), inclusive, subdivision (a) of Section 3273.66 are established with respect to that reported material.
(C)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(g)(4)(C) The reported material was first displayed, stored, or hosted on the platform after January 1, 2025.
(5)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(g)(5) As used in this subdivision, “facilitate, aid, or abet” means to deploy a system, design, feature, or affordance that is a substantial factor in causing minor users to be victims of commercial sexual exploitation.
(h)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(h) As used in this section:
(1)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(h)(1) “Commercial sexual exploitation” means an act committed for the purpose of obtaining property, money, or anything else of value in exchange for, or as a result of, a sexual act of a minor or nonminor dependent, including, but not limited to, an act that would constitute a violation of any of the following:
(A)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(h)(1)(A) Sex trafficking of a minor in violation of subdivision (c) of Section 236.1 of the Penal Code.
(B)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(h)(1)(B) Pimping of a minor in violation of Section 266h of the Penal Code.
(C)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(h)(1)(C) Pandering of a minor in violation of subdivision (b) of Section 266i of the Penal Code.
(D)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(h)(1)(D) Procurement of a child under 16 years of age for lewd and lascivious acts in violation of Section 266j of the Penal Code.
(E)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(h)(1)(E) Solicitation of a child for a purpose that is either in violation of subparagraph (A) or pursuant to paragraph (3) of subdivision (b) of Section 647 of the Penal Code.
(F)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(h)(1)(F) An act of sexual exploitation described in subdivision (c) or (d) of Section 11165.1 of the Penal Code.
(2)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(h)(2) “Nonminor dependent” has the same meaning as in subdivision (v) of Section 11400 of the Welfare and Institutions Code.
(3)Copy CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(h)(3)
(A)Copy CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(h)(3)(A) “Social media platform” has, except as provided in subparagraph (B), the same meaning as defined in Section 22675 of the Business and Professions Code.
(B)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(h)(3)(A)(B) “Social media platform” does not include either of the following:
(i)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(h)(3)(A)(B)(i) A stand-alone direct messaging service that provides end-to-end encrypted communication or the portion of a multiservice platform that uses end-to-end encrypted communication.
(ii)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(h)(3)(A)(B)(ii) An internet-based service or application owned or operated by a nonprofit organization exempt from federal income tax pursuant to Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code.
(i)CA Civil Law Code § 3345.1(i) A waiver of the provisions of this section is contrary to public policy and is void and unenforceable.

Section § 3346

Explanation

If someone damages or cuts down trees or plants on someone else's land without permission, they might have to pay three times the amount needed to fix the harm, unless the damage was accidental or they thought they owned the land, in which case they pay double. If the wood was taken to fix a road or bridge by order of road officials, they only pay for the actual damage. If the damage was done based on a faulty survey of the property line, the person responsible only has to pay for the real damages if they commissioned the survey and it was done by a licensed surveyor. Any lawsuit for these damages must be started within five years of the incident.

(a)CA Civil Law Code § 3346(a) For wrongful injuries to timber, trees, or underwood upon the land of another, or removal thereof, the measure of damages is three times such sum as would compensate for the actual detriment, except that where the trespass was casual or involuntary, or that the defendant in any action brought under this section had probable cause to believe that the land on which the trespass was committed was his own or the land of the person in whose service or by whose direction the act was done, the measure of damages shall be twice the sum as would compensate for the actual detriment, and excepting further that where the wood was taken by the authority of highway officers for the purpose of repairing a public highway or bridge upon the land or adjoining it, in which case judgment shall only be given in a sum equal to the actual detriment.
(b)CA Civil Law Code § 3346(b) The measure of damages to be assessed against a defendant for any trespass committed while acting in reliance upon a survey of boundary lines which improperly fixes the location of a boundary line, shall be the actual detriment incurred if both of the following conditions exist:
(1)CA Civil Law Code § 3346(b)(1) The trespass was committed by a defendant who either himself procured, or whose principal, lessor, or immediate predecessor in title procured the survey to be made; and
(2)CA Civil Law Code § 3346(b)(2) The survey was made by a person licensed under the laws of this State to practice land surveying.
(c)CA Civil Law Code § 3346(c) Any action for the damages specified by subdivisions (a) and (b) of this section must be commenced within five years from the date of the trespass.

Section § 3386

Explanation

This law allows a court to force someone to carry out their part of an agreement, even if the other side's part of the deal normally wouldn't be forced in the same way. This can happen if making them perform the agreement is the right solution, and they've mostly done their part or the court is confident they will do their part, or it can be assured in a way that satisfies the court.

Notwithstanding that the agreed counterperformance is not or would not have been specifically enforceable, specific performance may be compelled if:
(a)CA Civil Law Code § 3386(a) Specific performance would otherwise be an appropriate remedy; and
(b)CA Civil Law Code § 3386(b) The agreed counterperformance has been substantially performed or its concurrent or future performance is assured or, if the court deems necessary, can be secured to the satisfaction of the court.

Section § 3387

Explanation
If someone breaks an agreement to transfer real estate, it's usually assumed that money can't fully make things right. If the property in question is a single-family home that the person wants to live in, this assumption is definite and can't be challenged. In other situations, this is only an assumption that affects who must prove their case in court.
It is to be presumed that the breach of an agreement to transfer real property cannot be adequately relieved by pecuniary compensation. In the case of a single-family dwelling which the party seeking performance intends to occupy, this presumption is conclusive. In all other cases, this presumption is a presumption affecting the burden of proof.

Section § 3388

Explanation

If you've signed a contract, you might be forced to follow through with your end of the deal, even if the other person hasn't signed it yet, as long as they've already done their part or promised to do it, and it's fair to enforce the contract this way.

A party who has signed a written contract may be compelled specifically to perform it, though the other party has not signed it, if the latter has performed, or offers to perform it on his part, and the case is otherwise proper for enforcing specific performance.

Section § 3389

Explanation

This law says that if a contract can normally be enforced as it is, it can still be enforced even if there's a penalty or set damages for breaking it, and even if the party who broke the contract is ready to pay those penalties.

A contract otherwise proper to be specifically enforced, may be thus enforced, though a penalty is imposed, or the damages are liquidated for its breach, and the party in default is willing to pay the same.

Section § 3390

Explanation

This law explains certain promises or agreements that cannot be forced by a court order. These include any promises involving personal services, like hiring or working for someone, agreements to do something legally impossible to perform, promises to get someone else's approval (like a spouse's consent), or deals that aren't clear enough to understand exactly what needs to be done.

The following obligations cannot be specifically enforced:
(a)CA Civil Law Code § 3390(a) An obligation to render personal service.
(b)CA Civil Law Code § 3390(b) An obligation to employ another in personal service.
(c)CA Civil Law Code § 3390(c) An agreement to perform an act which the party has not power lawfully to perform when required to do so.
(d)CA Civil Law Code § 3390(d) An agreement to procure the act or consent of the spouse of the contracting party, or of any other third person.
(e)CA Civil Law Code § 3390(e) An agreement, the terms of which are not sufficiently certain to make the precise act which is to be done clearly ascertainable.

Section § 3391

Explanation

This law specifies situations where a court cannot force someone to fulfill their part of a contract, known as 'specific performance.' It's not enforceable if fair payment wasn't received, if it's unjust or unreasonable, if consent was obtained through deceit or bad practices, or if consent happened due to a mistake or misunderstanding. However, if the contract allows for a fix in case of certain mistakes, specific performance might still be enforced.

Specific performance cannot be enforced against a party to a contract in any of the following cases:
1. If he has not received an adequate consideration for the contract;
2. If it is not, as to him, just and reasonable;
3. If his assent was obtained by the misrepresentation, concealment, circumvention, or unfair practices of any party to whom performance would become due under the contract, or by any promise of such party which has not been substantially fulfilled; or;
4. If his assent was given under the influence of mistake, misapprehension, or surprise, except that where the contract provides for compensation in case of mistake, a mistake within the scope of such provision may be compensated for, and the contract specifically enforced in other respects, if proper to be so enforced.

Section § 3392

Explanation

This law explains that if someone hasn't done everything they were supposed to do under a contract, they generally can't force the other person to do their part. However, if the incomplete work is minor or can be fully paid off, the court might still make the other person fulfill their end of the deal, as long as the first person compensates for their own shortcoming.

Specific performance cannot be enforced in favor of a party who has not fully and fairly performed all the conditions precedent on his part to the obligation of the other party, except where his failure to perform is only partial, and either entirely immaterial, or capable of being fully compensated, in which case specific performance may be compelled, upon full compensation being made for the default.

Section § 3394

Explanation

This law states that if a seller can't assure the buyer a clear, unquestionable title to the property being sold, the seller cannot legally force the buyer to go through with the purchase.

An agreement for the sale of property cannot be specifically enforced in favor of a seller who cannot give to the buyer a title free from reasonable doubt.

Section § 3395

Explanation

This law states that if someone has a legal obligation related to a piece of real estate, that obligation can be enforced against others who later claim ownership of the property, unless those new owners bought the property honestly and paid for it (without knowing about the obligation). However, these new owners can free themselves from the obligation by transferring their ownership rights to the party who is entitled to enforce the obligation.

Whenever an obligation in respect to real property would be specifically enforced against a particular person, it may be in like manner enforced against any other person claiming under him by a title created subsequently to the obligation, except a purchaser or incumbrancer in good faith and for value, and except, also, that any such person may exonerate himself by conveying all his estate to the person entitled to enforce the obligation.

Section § [3384.]

Explanation

This law says that, unless there is a specific exception outlined elsewhere in the same article, a court can order someone to fulfill their part of a contract as agreed, rather than just paying money as compensation.

Section Thirty-three Hundred and Eighty-four.   Except as otherwise provided in this Article, the specific performance of an obligation may be compelled.