Coerced Debt - Obligations Arising From Particular Transactions - Civil Law - CA

Section § 1798.97

This section defines key terms related to recognizing and validating 'coerced debt,' which is debt forced upon someone under threats, fraud, or intimidation, often linked to domestic or elder abuse. It clarifies what constitutes 'adequate documentation' to identify such debt, such as police reports or certifications from qualified professionals. The term 'claimant' refers to those holding a claim on coerced debt but excludes those who created the debt through coercion. Additionally, it specifies 'qualified third-party professionals' like social workers and therapists who can validate coerced debt situations.

For purposes of this title, the following definitions apply:

(a) “Adequate documentation” means documentation that identifies a particular debt, or portion thereof, as coerced debt, describes the circumstances under which the coerced debt was incurred, and takes the form of any of the following:

(1) A police report.

(2) A Federal Trade Commission identity theft report identifying a particular debt, or portion thereof, as coerced, but not as identity theft.

(3) A court order issued pursuant to Section 6340 of the Family Code relating to domestic violence, Section 213.5 of the Welfare and Institutions Code relating to a dependent or ward of the juvenile court, or Section 15657.03 of the Welfare and Institutions Code relating to elder or dependent adult abuse.

(4)

(A) A sworn written certification from a qualified third-party professional based on information they received while acting in a professional capacity.

(B) The documentation described by subparagraph (A) shall be signed by a qualified third-party professional and display the letterhead, address, and telephone number of the office, institution, center, or organization, as appropriate, that engages or employs, whether financially compensated or not, the qualified third-party professional, or, if the qualified third-party professional is self-employed, the documentation shall display the letterhead, address, and telephone number of the qualified third-party professional.

(b) “Claim” means a right to payment, whether or not that right is reduced to judgment, liquidated, unliquidated, fixed, contingent, matured, unmatured, disputed, undisputed, legal, or equitable.

(c)

(1) “Claimant” means a person or an entity who has or purports to have a claim against a debtor arising from coerced debt, or that person’s or entity’s successor or assignee. “Claimant” includes, but is not limited to, a debt collector or a debt buyer.

(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), “claimant” shall not include a person who caused the claim described in paragraph (1) to arise through duress, intimidation, threat of force, force, fraud, or undue influence perpetrated against the debtor.

(d) “Coerced debt” means a particular debt, or portion thereof, for personal, family, or household use in the name of a debtor who is a victim of domestic violence, or a victim of elder or dependent adult abuse, or a person who is a foster youth, incurred as a result of duress, intimidation, threat of force, force, fraud, or undue influence.

(1) For purposes of this subdivision, “domestic violence” has the same meaning as in Section 6211 of the Family Code.

(2) For the purposes of this subdivision, “foster youth” has the same meaning as in Section 42238.01 of the Education Code.

(3) For the purposes of this subdivision, “dependent adult” has the same meaning as in Section 15610.23 of the Welfare and Institutions Code.

(4) For the purposes of this subdivision, “elder” has the same meaning as in Section 15610.27 of the Welfare and Institutions Code.

(e) “Debtor” means a person who owes or is otherwise liable for coerced debt.

(f) “Fraud” means an initial fraudulent act that is perpetrated against the debtor.

(g) “Immediate family member” has the same meaning as defined in paragraph (3) of subdivision (h) of Section 1946.7.

(h) “Person” means a natural person.

(i) “Qualified third-party professional” means any of the following:

(1) A domestic violence counselor, as defined in Section 1037.1 of the Evidence Code.

(2) A sexual assault counselor, as defined in Section 1035.2 of the Evidence Code.

(3) A Court-Appointed Special Advocate, as defined in Section 101 of the Welfare and Institutions Code.

(4) A court-appointed attorney, as defined in subdivision (e) of Section 317 of the Welfare and Institutions Code.

(5) A board certified psychiatrist or psychologist.

(6) A licensed marriage and family therapist.

(7) A licensed professional clinical counselor.

(8) A licensed clinical social worker.

(9) A social worker or caseworker employed by an adult protective service agency for the purposes described in Chapter 13 (commencing with Section 15750) of Part 3 of Division 9 of the Welfare and Institutions Code.

(10) A social worker who has completed the child welfare training program described in Article 2 (commencing with Section 16205) of Chapter 3 of Part 4 of Division 9 of the Welfare and Institutions Code.

(j)

(1) “Sworn written certification” means a document in which the author declares under penalty of perjury as true any material fact, and which is accompanied by the following, to the extent that an item listed below is relevant to the debtor’s allegation that the debt is coerced debt:

(A) A copy of the debtor’s driver’s license or identification card, as issued by the state.

(B) Any other identification document that supports the statement that the particular debt, or portion thereof, is coerced debt.

(C) An express statement that the debtor did not willingly authorize the use of the debtor’s name or personal information for incurring the coerced debt, and specific facts supporting the claim of coerced debt, if available, and, if not all of the debt was coerced, a statement identifying the portion thereof that was coerced.

(D) Any available correspondence disputing the coerced debt after transaction information has been provided to the debtor.

(E) Information, if known by the debtor, including, but not limited to, a credit card number or loan number, that can be used by the claimant to identify the account associated with the coerced debt and the person or persons in whose name the debt was incurred.

(F) The identity of the person or persons who coerced the debtor into incurring the debt and contact information for that person or persons, if known by the debtor, unless the debtor signs a sworn statement that disclosing this information is likely to result in abuse, as defined in Section 6203 of the Family Code, to the debtor or an immediate family member of the debtor.

(G) A telephone number for contacting the person signing the certification concerning any additional information or questions, or direction that further communications to the debtor be in writing only, with the mailing address specified in the statement.

(2) The certification required by this subdivision shall be sufficient if it is in substantially the following form:

“I declare under penalty of perjury that the representations made herein are true, correct, and contain no material omissions of fact.

_______(Date and Place)________ _______(Signature)________”

coerced debt adequate documentation qualified third-party professional ...

Section § 1798.97

This law protects people from being forced into debt against their will, known as "coerced debt". If someone makes another person take on such debt, they can be sued for the debt amount and legal fees. If a debtor claims their debt is coerced, they need to provide documentation and a sworn statement, halting debt collection during a review. If the claim is confirmed, the debt information must be removed from credit reports. Before suing over coerced debt, the debtor must notify the collector and give them a chance to stop collecting. If collectors stop pursuing the debt, they must inform credit agencies and any creditors involved. Debtors have a right to request related documents from the collector.

(a) A person shall not cause another person to incur a coerced debt. A person who causes another person to incur a coerced debt in violation of this subdivision shall be civilly liable to the claimant for the amount of the debt, or portion thereof, determined by a court to be coerced debt, plus the claimant’s attorney’s fees and costs.

(b) Upon receipt of both of the following, a claimant shall cease collection activities until completion of the review provided in subdivision (d):

(1) Adequate documentation.

(2) The debtor’s sworn written certification that a particular debt, or portion thereof, being collected is coerced debt.

(c) If a debtor notifies a claimant orally that a particular debt, or portion thereof, being collected is coerced debt, the claimant shall notify the debtor, orally or in writing, that the debtor’s notification must be in writing. If a debtor notifies a claimant in writing that a particular debt, or portion thereof, being collected is coerced debt, but omits information required by subdivision (b), and if the claimant does not cease collection activities, the claimant shall provide written notice to the debtor of the additional information that is required.

(d)

(1) Within 10 business days of receiving the complete statement and information described in subdivision (b), the claimant shall, if the claimant furnished adverse information about the debtor to a consumer credit reporting agency, notify the consumer credit reporting agency that the account is disputed.

(2) The claimant shall initiate a review considering all of the information provided by the debtor and other information available to the claimant in its file.

(3) Within 10 business days of completing the review, the claimant shall notify the debtor in writing of the claimant’s determination and the good faith basis for that determination.

(4) The claimant shall not recommence collection activities until the debtor has been notified in writing of the good faith determination that the information does not establish that the particular debt, or portion thereof, is coerced debt.

(e) No inference or presumption that the debt is valid or invalid, or that the debtor is liable or not liable for the particular debt, or portion thereof, shall arise if the claimant decides after the review described in subdivision (d) to cease or recommence collection activities. The exercise or nonexercise of rights under this section is not a waiver of any other right or defense of the debtor or claimant.

(f)

(1) At least 30 days before filing an action pursuant to paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) of Section 1798.97.3 or other action against a claimant in connection with an allegedly coerced debt, a debtor shall submit notice of the debtor’s intent to file an action against the claimant and documents that comply with subdivision (b) in writing to the claimant.

(2) The written notice described in paragraph (1) shall be sent by certified mail, overnight delivery, or other method that allows for confirmation of the delivery date.

(3) The written notice described in paragraph (1) shall be sent to an address made available to the debtor by the claimant for receipt of the notice, or, if an address has not been identified by the claimant, to the claimant’s principal place of business as identified by the Secretary of State. If an address is unavailable through the Secretary of State’s website, the debtor may use the correspondence address of the claimant, or in the case of a debt collector, the address on file with the Department of Financial Protection and Innovation for licensing purposes.

(4)

(A) The debtor shall not commence an action described in subdivision (a) of Section 1798.97.3 or other action against a claimant in connection with an allegedly coerced debt if the claimant informs the debtor that it has ceased all efforts to collect on the particular debt, or portion thereof, identified in the written notice pursuant to paragraph (1) and the debtor receives written notice of this cessation before the expiration of the 30-day period.

(B) The debtor may commence an action described in subdivision (a) of Section 1798.97.3 or other action against a claimant in connection with an allegedly coerced debt if either of the following conditions is satisfied:

(i) The 30-day period described in paragraph (1) expires and the collection activities have not ceased or the debtor has not received written notice that collection activities have ceased.

(ii) The debtor receives written notice pursuant to paragraph (4) of subdivision (d) of the claimant’s good faith determination that the information does not establish that the particular debt, or portion thereof, is coerced debt.

(5) For purposes of this subdivision, the 30-day period shall begin to run when the claimant receives the written notice.

(g) A claimant that ceases collection activities under this section and does not recommence those collection activities shall do both of the following:

(1) If the claimant has furnished adverse information to a consumer credit reporting agency regarding the debtor and a particular debt, or portion thereof, notify the agency to delete that information no later than 10 business days after making its determination.

(2) If the claimant is a debt collector, notify the creditor no later than 10 business days after making its determination that collection activities have been terminated based upon the debtor’s assertion that a particular debt, or portion thereof, being collected is coerced debt.

(h) A claimant that has possession of documents that the debtor is entitled to request from a creditor pursuant to Section 530.8 of the Penal Code may provide those documents to the debtor.

coerced debt civil liability debt collection ...

Section § 1798.97

This section allows someone who has been forced into taking on debt (called "coerced debt") to go to court and prove that the debt was forced upon them. If they succeed, they can request the court to declare they don’t owe that debt and to stop the creditor from trying to collect it. The coerced debt can then be pursued against the person who actually forced the debtor into the debt. The law also sets rules for protecting the debtor’s privacy and ensures that the debtor doesn’t make any false claims, or they may have to pay the creditor's legal costs. Lastly, it specifies that collectors have five years from the court’s decision to go after the real wrongdoer for the coerced debt.

(a)

(1) A debtor may bring an action against a claimant to establish that a particular debt, or portion thereof, is coerced debt.

(2) In an action brought by a claimant to recover a particular debt against the debtor, the debtor may file a cross-complaint to establish that the particular debt, or portion thereof, is coerced debt. The notice described in subdivision (f) of Section 1798.97.2 shall not be required as a prerequisite to filing a cross-complaint.

(3) A debtor shall plead the allegations of coerced debt with particularity and shall do either of the following:

(A) Attach the documents provided to the claimant pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 1798.97.2 to any complaint.

(B) Attach the documents identified in subdivision (b) of Section 1798.97.2 to any cross-complaint.

(b) If the debtor establishes by a preponderance of the evidence in an action described in subdivision (a) that the particular debt, or portion thereof, is coerced debt, the debtor shall be entitled to the following relief:

(1) A declaratory judgment that the debtor is not obligated to the claimant on the particular debt, or portion thereof, that is coerced debt.

(2) An injunction prohibiting the claimant from holding or attempting to hold the debtor personally liable on the particular debt, or portion thereof, that is coerced debt, and prohibiting the claimant from enforcing a judgment related to the particular debt, or portion thereof, that is coerced debt against the debtor.

(3) An order dismissing any cause of action brought by the claimant to enforce or collect on the particular debt from the debtor or, if only a portion of the debt is established as coerced debt, an order directing that the complaint and judgment, if any, in the action be amended to reflect only the portion of the particular debt that is not coerced debt.

(c)

(1) If the debtor establishes by a preponderance of the evidence in an action described in subdivision (a) that the particular debt, or portion thereof, is coerced debt, the court shall issue a judgment in favor of the claimant against the person or persons who coerced the debtor into incurring the debt in the amount of the debt, or portion thereof, that is coerced debt, provided that the person or persons who coerced the debtor into incurring the debt or debts has been brought within the jurisdiction of the court and joined as a party to the action and the evidence supports such a judgment.

(2) The court presiding over the action shall take appropriate steps necessary to prevent abuse, as defined in Section 6203 of the Family Code, of the debtor or an immediate family member of the debtor, including, but not limited to, sealing court records, redacting personally identifiable information about the debtor and any immediate family member of the debtor, and directing that any deposition or evidentiary hearing be conducted remotely.

(d) A debtor who files knowingly false motions, pleadings, or other papers or engages in other tactics that are frivolous or intended to cause unnecessary delay against a claimant shall be liable for the claimant’s attorney’s fees and costs in defending the lawsuit.

(e) The claimant may move the court to make written findings regarding evidence related to the person who caused the coerced debt to be incurred.

(f) Where some or all of a claim is established as having arisen from coerced debt, a claimant shall have standing, and may use all rights and remedies, to collect by any lawful means that claim, or portion thereof, from the person or persons determined to have coerced the debt, or against a person who used or possessed money, goods, services, or property obtained through coerced debt.

(g) The statute of limitations for a claimant to bring an action to collect coerced debt from any person determined to have coerced the debt shall run from the date of the court’s determination that the person caused the duress, intimidation, threat of force, force, fraud, or undue influence giving rise to the coerced debt at issue and shall be brought within five years of that determination.

coerced debt cross-complaint preponderance of the evidence ...

Section § 1798.97

This law explains certain limitations and exclusions when dealing with debts. It states that this law doesn't cover debts backed by collateral, so secured debts are not included. It clarifies that if a debt is found to be coerced, a court does not have to require repayment of money already paid on that debt. It ensures that a person who was forced into debt can still go after the person who coerced them for any payments. Lastly, it makes clear that this law doesn't take away any other legal rights or defenses someone might have.

(a) This title does not apply to secured debts.

(b) This title does not require a court to order a claimant to refund any moneys already paid on a debt that is determined to be coerced.

(c) This title does not diminish the rights of a claimant to recover payment for a coerced debt from the person or persons who coerced a debtor into incurring that debt.

(d) This title does not reduce or eliminate any other rights or defenses available to a debtor or claimant pursuant to any other law.

secured debts coerced debt debt repayment ...

Section § 1798.97

This law mainly applies to debts that were taken on starting July 1, 2023. However, if someone is being sued for an older debt (before July 1, 2023) and they file a certain kind of cross-complaint, then the rules in this law will also apply, unless the lawsuit has already been completely resolved.

(a) Except as set forth in subdivision (b), this title applies only to debts incurred on or after July 1, 2023.

(b) Notwithstanding subdivision (a), a debtor may file a cross-complaint described by paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) of Section 1798.97.3 in an action filed by a claimant to collect a debt incurred prior to July 1, 2023, in which case, this title applies to that action, unless a final judgment has been entered in that action.

debts July 1 2023 ...

Section § 1798.97

This part of the law says that if any specific rule or part of this legal title (a section or subsection, for example) is deemed invalid or unenforceable, it won't affect the rest of the rules in the title. Basically, the rest of the law will still stand and be valid independently. This idea is known as 'severability,’ meaning the law can work without the invalid parts.

If any provision of this title or the application thereof to any person or circumstances is held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other provisions or applications of this title that can be given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to this end the provisions of this title are severable.

invalid provision application thereof severability ...