Section § 5975

Explanation

如果你住在一个有共同规则(称为“契约”)的住宅开发项目中,这些规则通常对所有人都有约束力,除非被认定为不合理。除非另有规定,所有房主和业主协会都可以强制执行这些规则。此外,除了主要的声明文件之外的其他文件,也可以由业主协会或单个房主强制执行。如果有人需要通过法院强制执行这些规则,胜诉方可以获得其法律费用补偿。

(a)CA 民法 Code § 5975(a) 声明中的契约和限制应为可强制执行的衡平役权,除非不合理,并应惠及并约束开发项目中所有独立权益所有人。除非声明另有规定,这些役权可由任何独立权益所有人或由协会,或由双方强制执行。
(b)CA 民法 Code § 5975(b) 除声明以外的治理文件可由协会对独立权益所有人强制执行,或由独立权益所有人对协会强制执行。
(c)CA 民法 Code § 5975(c) 在强制执行治理文件的诉讼中,胜诉方应被判予合理的律师费和诉讼费。

Section § 5980

Explanation

这项法律允许业主协会代表其自身,无需涉及个别成员,提起、抗辩、和解或参与法律诉讼或其他正式程序。协会可以在案件涉及执行社区规定、共有区域的损害,或协会负责维护或修理的特定物业的损害时这样做。此外,它还涵盖了与共有区域或其他物业损害相关的个别物业损害情况。

协会有权以其自身名义作为实际利害关系人,且无需将其成员列为共同当事人,提起、抗辩、和解或介入涉及以下事项的诉讼、仲裁、调解或行政程序:
(a)CA 民法 Code § 5980(a) 管理文件的执行。
(b)CA 民法 Code § 5980(b) 共有区域的损害。
(c)CA 民法 Code § 5980(c) 协会有义务维护或修理的独立权益的损害。
(d)CA 民法 Code § 5980(d) 源于共有区域损害或协会有义务维护或修理的独立权益损害,或与此密切相关的独立权益损害。

Section § 5985

Explanation

本节阐述了当一个协会(例如业主协会)提起损害赔偿诉讼时,如何计算损害赔偿金。如果协会或其管理人员有部分过失,他们获得的损害赔偿金将按其过失比例减少。这种过失可以在法庭上作为抗辩理由,但如果唯一的损害是由协会或其成员承受的,则不能以此为由对他们提起单独的诉讼。本节还允许被起诉方主张协会有部分过失,即使协会没有积极参与该诉讼。本规定适用于1993年1月1日之后提起的案件,并且不改变对他人造成损害的现有责任规则。

(a)CA 民法 Code § 5985(a) 在协会根据第5980条(b)、(c)或(d)款提起的诉讼中,协会追偿的损害赔偿金额应根据比较过失原则,按其过失百分比直接比例减少分配给协会或其管理代理人的损害赔偿金额。协会或其管理代理人的比较过失可以作为抗辩提出,但不得作为针对协会或其管理代理人提起反诉或单独诉讼以要求分担责任或默示赔偿的依据,如果唯一的损害是由协会或其成员承受的。立法机关制定本款的意图是要求,如果唯一的损害是由协会或其成员承受的,则比较过失应作为肯定性抗辩提出,而非单独的诉讼事由。
(b)CA 民法 Code § 5985(b) 在涉及第5980条(b)、(c)或(d)款所述损害赔偿的诉讼中,被告或反诉被告可以主张并证明协会或其管理代理人的比较过失,以抵销被告或反诉被告的责任,即使协会不是诉讼当事人,或因和解、撤诉或其他原因不再是当事人。
(c)Copy CA 民法 Code § 5985(c)
(a)Copy CA 民法 Code § 5985(c)(a)款和(b)款适用于1993年1月1日或之后提起的诉讼。
(d)CA 民法 Code § 5985(d) 本条中的任何内容均不影响个人根据第1431条承担的责任,也不影响协会或其管理代理人因造成他人损害的行为或不作为而承担的责任。

Section § 5986

Explanation

这项法律规定,业主协会董事会可以对房地产开发商提起法律诉讼,而无需获得成员的批准,即使其管理文件另有规定。如果董事会中有任何成员与开发商有关联,则只有独立的董事会成员才能决定采取法律行动。但是,如果非开发商董事会成员在管理文件中加入了限制,这些限制是有效的。该法律还追溯适用于正在进行的索赔,除非这些索赔已经和解或解决。它不延长提起诉讼的时限,也不影响任何现有的争议解决要求。

(a)CA 民法 Code § 5986(a) Subject to compliance with Section 6150, which requires the board to provide notice of a meeting with the members to discuss, among other things, problems that may lead to the filing of a civil action, before the board files a civil action against a declarant or other developer, or within 30 days after it files the action, if the association has reason to believe that the applicable statute of limitations will expire, and notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in the governing documents, the board shall have the authority to commence and pursue a claim, civil action, arbitration, prelitigation process pursuant to Section 6000 or Title 7 (commencing with Section 895) of Part 2 of Division 2, or other legal proceeding against a declarant, developer, or builder of a common interest development. If the board includes members appointed by, or affiliated with, the declarant, developer, or builder, the decision and authority to commence and pursue legal proceedings shall be vested solely in the nonaffiliated board members.
(b)CA 民法 Code § 5986(b) The governing documents shall not impose any preconditions or limitations on the board’s authority to commence and pursue any claim, civil action, arbitration, prelitigation process pursuant to Section 6000 or Title 7 (commencing with Section 895) of Part 2 of Division 2, or other legal proceeding against a declarant, developer, or builder of a common interest development. Any limitation or precondition, including, but not limited to, requiring a membership vote as a prerequisite to, or otherwise providing the declarant, developer, or builder with veto authority over, the board’s commencement and pursuit of a claim, civil action, arbitration, prelitigation process, or legal proceeding against the declarant, developer, or builder, or any incidental decision of the board, including, but not limited to, retaining legal counsel or incurring costs or expenses, is unenforceable, null, and void. The failure to comply with those limitations or preconditions, if only, shall not be asserted as a defense to any claim or action described in this section.
(c)CA 民法 Code § 5986(c) Notwithstanding subdivision (a) or (b), any provision in the governing documents imposing limitations or preconditions on the board’s authority to commence and pursue claims shall be valid and enforceable if the provision is adopted solely by the nondeclarant affiliated members of the association and the provision is adopted in accordance with the requirements necessary to amend the governing documents of the association.
(d)CA 民法 Code § 5986(d) This section applies to all governing documents, whether recorded before or after the effective date of this section, and applies retroactively to claims initiated before the effective date of this section, except if those claims have been resolved through an executed settlement, a final arbitration decision, or a final judicial decision on the merits.
(e)CA 民法 Code § 5986(e) Nothing in this section extends any applicable statute of limitation or repose to file or initiate any claim, civil action, arbitration, prelitigation process, or other legal proceeding. Nothing in this section shall affect any other obligations of an association contained in Title 7 (commencing with Section 895) of Part 2 of Division 2, or any other provision in the covenants, conditions, and restrictions of the association related to arbitration or other alternative dispute resolution procedures.