(a)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(a) Maliban kung iba ang hinihingi ng konteksto, ang mga salita o pariralang binigyang kahulugan sa seksyong ito, o sa mga karagdagang kahulugang nakapaloob sa iba pang mga dibisyon ng kodigong ito na naaangkop sa partikular na mga dibisyon o kabanata nito, ay may mga kahulugang nakasaad.
(b)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b) Alinsunod sa mga kahulugang nakapaloob sa iba pang mga dibisyon ng kodigong ito na naaangkop sa partikular na mga dibisyon o kabanata nito:
(1)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(1) “Aksyon,” sa diwa ng isang paglilitis sa hukuman, ay kinabibilangan ng recoupment, counterclaim, setoff, kaso sa equity, at anumang iba pang paglilitis kung saan tinutukoy ang mga karapatan.
(2)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(2) “Naagrabyadong partido” ay nangangahulugang isang partido na may karapatang humabol ng remedyo.
(3)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(3) “Kasunduan,” na naiiba sa “Kontrata,” ay nangangahulugang ang aktuwal na kasunduan ng mga partido, gaya ng matatagpuan sa kanilang wika o mahihinuha mula sa iba pang mga pangyayari, kabilang ang takbo ng pagganap, takbo ng pakikitungo, o kaugalian sa kalakalan ayon sa itinatadhana sa Seksyon 1303.
(4)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(4) “Bangko” ay nangangahulugang isang taong nakikibahagi sa negosyo ng pagbabangko, at kinabibilangan ng savings bank, savings and loan association, credit union, at trust company.
(5)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(5) “Tagapagmay-ari” ay nangangahulugang isang taong nagmamay-ari ng negotiable instrument, dokumento ng titulo, o certificated security na bayaran sa tagapagmay-ari o inendorso nang blangko.
(6)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(6) “Bill of lading” ay nangangahulugang isang dokumentong nagpapatunay ng pagtanggap ng mga kalakal para sa pagpapadala na inisyu ng isang taong nakikibahagi sa negosyo ng paglilipat o pagpapasa ng mga kalakal.
(7)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(7) “Sangay” ay kinabibilangan ng hiwalay na inkorporadang dayuhang sangay ng isang bangko.
(8)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(8) “Pasanin ng pagpapatunay” ng isang katotohanan ay nangangahulugang ang pasanin ng pagkumbinsi sa tagahatol ng katotohanan na ang pag-iral ng katotohanan ay mas malamang kaysa sa hindi nito pag-iral.
(9)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(9) “Mamimili sa ordinaryong takbo ng negosyo” ay nangangahulugang isang taong bumibili ng mga kalakal nang may mabuting hangarin, nang walang kaalaman na ang pagbebenta ay lumalabag sa mga karapatan ng ibang tao sa mga kalakal, at sa ordinaryong takbo mula sa isang tao, maliban sa isang sanglaan, sa negosyo ng pagbebenta ng mga kalakal ng ganoong uri. Ang isang tao ay bumibili ng mga kalakal sa ordinaryong takbo kung ang pagbebenta sa tao ay sumusunod sa karaniwan o nakagawiang mga kasanayan sa uri ng negosyo kung saan nakikibahagi ang nagbebenta o sa sariling karaniwan o nakagawiang mga kasanayan ng nagbebenta. Ang isang taong nagbebenta ng langis, gas, o iba pang mineral sa wellhead o minehead ay isang taong nasa negosyo ng pagbebenta ng mga kalakal ng ganoong uri. Ang isang mamimili sa ordinaryong takbo ng negosyo ay maaaring bumili nang cash, sa pamamagitan ng pagpapalit ng ibang ari-arian, o sa secured o unsecured credit, at maaaring makakuha ng mga kalakal o dokumento ng titulo sa ilalim ng isang umiiral nang kontrata para sa pagbebenta. Tanging ang isang mamimili na nagmamay-ari ng mga kalakal o may karapatang bawiin ang mga kalakal mula sa nagbebenta sa ilalim ng Dibisyon 2 (simula sa Seksyon 2101) ang maaaring maging mamimili sa ordinaryong takbo ng negosyo. Ang “Mamimili sa ordinaryong takbo ng negosyo” ay hindi kasama ang isang taong nakakuha ng mga kalakal sa isang transfer in bulk o bilang seguridad para sa o sa kabuuan o bahagyang pagbabayad ng isang utang na pera.
(10)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(10) “Kapansin-pansin,” na tumutukoy sa isang termino, ay nangangahulugang nakasulat, ipinapakita, o ipinipresenta sa paraang, batay sa kabuuan ng mga pangyayari, ang isang makatwirang tao na laban dito ito ay gagamitin ay dapat na nakapansin nito. Kung ang isang termino ay “kapansin-pansin” o hindi ay desisyon ng hukuman.
(11)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(11) [Nakareserba]
(12)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(12) “Kontrata,” na naiiba sa “Kasunduan,” ay nangangahulugang ang kabuuang legal na obligasyon na nagreresulta mula sa kasunduan ng mga partido ayon sa tinutukoy ng kodigong ito at bilang karagdagan ng anumang iba pang naaangkop na batas.
(13)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(13) “Nagpapautang” ay kinabibilangan ng pangkalahatang nagpapautang, isang secured creditor, isang lien creditor, at sinumang kinatawan ng mga nagpapautang, kabilang ang isang assignee para sa kapakinabangan ng mga nagpapautang, isang trustee sa pagkabangkarote, isang receiver sa equity, at isang executor o administrator ng ari-arian ng isang insolvent debtor o assignor.
(14)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(14) “Akusado” ay kinabibilangan ng isang taong nasa posisyon ng akusado sa isang counterclaim, cross-claim, o third-party claim.
(15)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(15) “Paghahatid,” patungkol sa isang electronic document of title, ay nangangahulugang boluntaryong paglilipat ng kontrol at, patungkol sa isang instrumento, isang tangible document of title, o isang authoritative tangible copy ng isang record na nagpapatunay ng chattel paper, ay nangangahulugang boluntaryong paglilipat ng pagmamay-ari.
(16)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(16) “Dokumento ng titulo” ay kinabibilangan ng bill of lading, dock warrant, dock receipt, warehouse receipt, o order para sa paghahatid ng mga kalakal, at anumang iba pang dokumento na sa regular na takbo ng negosyo o pagpopondo ay itinuturing na sapat na nagpapatunay na ang taong nagmamay-ari nito ay may karapatang tumanggap, humawak, at magtapon ng dokumento at ng mga kalakal na sakop nito. Upang maging isang dokumento ng titulo, ang isang dokumento ay dapat na nagpapahayag na inisyu ng o nakatuon sa isang bailee at nagpapahayag na sumasaklaw sa mga kalakal na nasa pagmamay-ari ng bailee na alinman ay natukoy o mga fungible na bahagi ng isang natukoy na masa.
(17)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(17) “tl_Fault” tl_means a tl_default, tl_breach, or tl_wrongful act or tl_omission.
(18)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(18) “tl_Fungible goods” tl_means:
(A)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(18)(A) tl_Goods of which any unit, by tl_nature or tl_usage of tl_trade, is the tl_equivalent of any other tl_like unit; or
(B)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(18)(B) tl_Goods that by tl_agreement are tl_treated as tl_equivalent.
(19)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(19) “tl_Genuine” tl_means tl_free of tl_forgery or tl_counterfeiting.
(20)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(20) “tl_Good faith,” tl_except as tl_otherwise tl_provided in tl_Division 5 (commencing with Section 5101), tl_means tl_honesty in tl_fact and the tl_observance of tl_reasonable tl_commercial tl_standards of tl_fair dealing.
(21)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(21) “tl_Holder” tl_means:
(A)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(21)(A) the tl_person in tl_possession of a tl_negotiable instrument that is tl_payable either to tl_bearer or, to an tl_identified person that is the tl_person in tl_possession;
(B)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(21)(B) the tl_person in tl_possession of a tl_document of tl_title if the tl_goods are
deliverable either to tl_bearer or to the tl_order of the tl_person in tl_possession; or
(C)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(21)(C) the tl_person in tl_control, tl_other than tl_pursuant to tl_subdivision (g) of Section 7106, of a tl_negotiable tl_electronic tl_document of tl_title.
(22)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(22) “tl_Insolvency proceeding” tl_includes an tl_assignment for the tl_benefit of tl_creditors or tl_other tl_proceeding tl_intended to tl_liquidate or tl_rehabilitate the tl_estate of the tl_person tl_involved.
(23)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(23) “tl_Insolvent” tl_means:
(A)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(23)(A) tl_having tl_generally tl_ceased to tl_pay tl_debts in the tl_ordinary tl_course of tl_business tl_other than as a tl_result of tl_bona fide tl_dispute;
(B)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(23)(B) tl_being tl_unable to tl_pay tl_debts as they tl_become tl_due; or
(C)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(23)(C) tl_being tl_insolvent tl_within the tl_meaning of tl_federal tl_bankruptcy tl_law.
(24)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(24) “tl_Money” tl_means a tl_medium of tl_exchange that is tl_currently tl_authorized or tl_adopted by a tl_domestic or tl_foreign tl_government. The tl_term tl_includes a tl_monetary tl_unit of tl_account tl_established by an tl_intergovernmental tl_organization or by tl_agreement between tl_two or tl_more tl_countries. The tl_term tl_does not tl_include an tl_electronic tl_record that is a tl_medium of tl_exchange tl_recorded and tl_transferable in a tl_system that tl_existed and tl_operated for the tl_medium of tl_exchange tl_before the tl_medium of tl_exchange was tl_authorized or tl_adopted by the tl_government.
(25)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(25) “tl_Organization” tl_means a
tl_person tl_other than an tl_individual.
(26)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(26) “tl_Party,” as tl_distinguished from “tl_third party,” tl_means a tl_person that has tl_engaged in a tl_transaction or tl_made an tl_agreement tl_subject to tl_this tl_code.
(27)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(27) “tl_Person” tl_means an tl_individual, tl_corporation, tl_business tl_trust, tl_estate, tl_trust, tl_partnership, tl_limited tl_liability tl_company, tl_association, tl_joint tl_venture, tl_government, tl_governmental tl_subdivision, tl_agency, or tl_instrumentality, or any tl_other tl_legal or tl_commercial tl_entity. The tl_term tl_includes a tl_protected tl_series, tl_however tl_denominated, of an tl_entity if the tl_protected tl_series is tl_established under tl_law tl_other than tl_this tl_code that tl_limits, or tl_limits if tl_conditions tl_specified under the tl_law are tl_satisfied, the tl_ability of a tl_creditor of the tl_entity or of any tl_other
tl_protected tl_series of the tl_entity to tl_satisfy a tl_claim from tl_assets of the tl_protected tl_series.
(28)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(28) “tl_Present value” tl_means the tl_amount as of a tl_date tl_certain of tl_one or tl_more tl_sums tl_payable in the tl_future, tl_discounted to the tl_date tl_certain by tl_use of tl_either an tl_interest tl_rate tl_specified by the tl_parties if that tl_rate is not tl_manifestly tl_unreasonable at the tl_time the tl_transaction is tl_entered into or, if an tl_interest tl_rate is not so tl_specified, a tl_commercially tl_reasonable tl_rate that tl_takes into tl_account the tl_facts and tl_circumstances at the tl_time the tl_transaction is tl_entered into.
(29)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(29) “tl_Purchase” tl_means tl_taking by tl_sale, tl_lease, tl_discount, tl_negotiation, tl_mortgage, tl_pledge, tl_lien, tl_security tl_interest, tl_issue or tl_reissue, tl_gift, or any tl_other tl_voluntary tl_transaction tl_creating
an tl_interest in tl_property.
(30)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(30) “tl_Purchaser” tl_means a tl_person that tl_takes by tl_purchase.
(31)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(31) “tl_Record” tl_means tl_information that is tl_inscribed on a tl_tangible tl_medium or that is tl_stored in an tl_electronic or tl_other tl_medium and is tl_retrievable in tl_perceivable tl_form.
(32)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(32) “tl_Remedy” tl_means any tl_remedial tl_right to which an tl_aggrieved tl_party is tl_entitled tl_with or tl_without tl_resort to a tl_tribunal.
(33)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(33) “tl_Representative” tl_means a tl_person tl_empowered to tl_act for tl_another, tl_including an tl_agent, an tl_officer of a tl_corporation or tl_association, and a tl_trustee, tl_executor, or tl_administrator of an tl_estate.
(34)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(34) “tl_Right” tl_includes tl_remedy.
(35)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(b)(35) “Security interest” means a claim on personal property or fixtures that guarantees payment or fulfillment of an obligation. “Security interest” includes any claim of a consignor and a buyer of accounts, chattel paper, a payment intangible, or a promissory note in a transaction governed by Division 9 (commencing with Section 9101). “Security interest” does not include the specific property claim of a buyer of goods upon their identification to a contract for sale under Section 2401, but a buyer may also acquire a “Security interest” by complying with Division 9 (commencing with Section 9101). Except as otherwise provided in Section 2505, the right of a seller or lessor of goods under Division 2 (commencing with Section 2101) or Division 10 (commencing with Section 10101) to
retain or acquire possession of the goods is not a “Security interest,” but a seller or lessor may also acquire a “Security interest” by complying with Division 9 (commencing with Section 9101). The retention or reservation of title by a seller of goods despite shipment or delivery to the buyer under Section 2401 is limited in effect to a reservation of a “Security interest.”
Whether a transaction structured as a lease creates a “Security interest” is determined according to Section 1203.
(36)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(36) “Send,” in relation to a record or notification, signifies:
(A)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(36)(A) to deposit in the mail, deliver for transmission, or transmit by any other customary means of communication, with postage or transmission cost
provided
for, addressed to any address reasonable under the circumstances; or
(B)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(36)(B) to cause the record or notification to be received within the timeframe it would have been received if properly sent under subparagraph (A).
(37)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(37) “Sign” means, with the present intention to authenticate or adopt a record:
(A)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(37)(A) to execute or adopt a physical symbol; or
(B)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(37)(B) to attach to or logically associate with the record an electronic symbol, sound, or process.
“Signed,” “signing,” and “signature” carry corresponding meanings.
(38)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(38) “Spouse” encompasses “registered domestic partner,” as mandated by Section 297.5 of the Family Code.
(39)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(39) “State” refers to a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.
(40)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(40) “Surety” includes a guarantor or another secondary obligor.
(41)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(41) “Term” denotes a segment of an agreement that pertains to a specific matter.
(42)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(42) “Unauthorized signature” means a signature made without actual, implied, or apparent authority. The term includes a forgery.
(43)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(43) “Warehouse receipt” means a receipt issued by an entity engaged in the business of storing goods for compensation.
(44)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(44) “Writing” includes printing, typewriting, or any other deliberate reduction to tangible form. “Written” has a corresponding meaning.
(45)CA Batas Komersyal Code § 1201(45) “Electronic” means pertaining to technology possessing electrical, digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or similar capabilities.
(Amended by Stats. 2023, Ch. 210, Sec. 1. (SB 95) Effective January 1, 2024.)