This code may be cited as the Uniform Commercial Code.
Chapter 1Short Title, Construction, Application and Subject Matter of the Code
Section § 1101
This section simply states that the law can be referred to as the Uniform Commercial Code.
Uniform Commercial Code citation commercial transactions business law trade regulations merchant sale contract law business dealings UCC citation commerce rules
Section § 1102
This law section basically says that the rules in this division are relevant to a transaction only if some other part of the law also covers that transaction.
This division applies to a transaction to the extent that it is governed by another division of this code.
transaction other division governed application of rules relevant division code coverage transaction laws inter-divisional application law overlap legal governance
Section § 1103
This section of the code is designed to make the rules about commercial transactions easier to understand and keep up with modern practices. It encourages using customs and agreements between parties to help these transactions grow and happen smoothly. It also aims to ensure that the laws are consistent across different places. The law lets other broader legal principles, like those relating to agreements, fairness, and problems like fraud or mistakes, fill in any gaps not specifically covered by this code.
(a)CA Commercial Law Code § 1103(a) This code shall be liberally construed and applied to promote its underlying purposes and policies, which are:
(1)CA Commercial Law Code § 1103(a)(1) to simplify, clarify, and modernize the law governing commercial transactions;
(2)CA Commercial Law Code § 1103(a)(2) to permit the continued expansion of commercial practices through custom, usage, and agreement of the parties; and
(3)CA Commercial Law Code § 1103(a)(3) to make uniform the law among the various jurisdictions.
(b)CA Commercial Law Code § 1103(b) Unless displaced by the particular provisions of this code, the principles of law and equity, including the law merchant and the law relative to capacity to contract, principal and agent, estoppel, fraud, misrepresentation, duress, coercion, mistake, bankruptcy, and other validating or invalidating cause supplement its provisions.
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Section § 1104
This law is saying that because it covers its topic as a whole, no part of it should be considered canceled out by new laws, unless there's no way to avoid such a conflict.
This code being a general act intended as a unified coverage of its subject matter, no part of it shall be deemed to be impliedly repealed by subsequent legislation if such construction can reasonably be avoided.
implied repeal subsequent legislation unified coverage legal construction avoid conflict intent of law general act statutory interpretation comprehensive code legislative conflict prevention
Section § 1105
This law says that if a part of a legal code is found to be invalid or not applicable in a certain situation, that doesn't affect the rest of the code. The other parts that are still valid can continue to be used. It's like saying each part of the code can stand on its own, so removing one part doesn't make the whole thing fall apart.
If any provision or clause of this code or its application to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the invalidity does not affect other provisions or applications of the code which can be given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to this end the provisions of this code are severable.
severability invalid provision invalid clause legal code application separate provisions independent application legal enforceability unaffected provisions standalone clauses partial invalidity
Section § 1106
This section clarifies that within the code, words used in singular can also mean plural, and vice versa. Additionally, words that refer to a specific gender should be understood to include other genders as well.
In this code, unless the statutory context otherwise requires:
(1)CA Commercial Law Code § 1106(1) words in the singular number include the plural, and those in the plural include the singular; and
(2)CA Commercial Law Code § 1106(2) words of any gender also refer to any other gender.
singular and plural words gender-neutral language interpretation of statutes inclusivity in language plural inclusion singular inclusion gender references language interpretation legal language flexibility statutory context gender inclusivity word usage rules
Section § 1108
This law changes some parts of the federal law about electronic signatures but doesn't change rules about certain special notices or delivery requirements mentioned in the federal law.
This chapter modifies, limits, and supersedes the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 15 U.S.C. Section 7001 et seq., except that nothing in this chapter modifies, limits, or supersedes Section 7001(c) of that act or authorizes electronic delivery of any of the notices described in Section 7003(b) of that act.
electronic signatures federal law modifications Electronic Signatures in Commerce Act Section 7001 Section 7003 electronic delivery restrictions global commerce national commerce notices exemption supersede federal law
