General Provisions As To The Time Of Commencing Actions - Of The Time Of Commencing Civil Actions - Civil Procedure - CA

Section § 350

This law states that a legal action officially begins when you file a complaint with the court.

An action is commenced, within the meaning of this Title, when the complaint is filed.

legal action commencement complaint filed start of lawsuit ...

Section § 351

This law explains that if someone you want to sue is out of the state when the issue arises, you can still sue them after they return. Also, if they leave the state after the issue comes up, the time they're gone doesn’t count toward the time limit you have to file a lawsuit.

If, when the cause of action accrues against a person, he is out of the State, the action may be commenced within the term herein limited, after his return to the State, and if, after the cause of action accrues, he departs from the State, the time of his absence is not part of the time limited for the commencement of the action.

cause of action absence from state return to state ...

Section § 352

In California, if someone has a legal claim but is either a minor or unable to make legal decisions when the claim arises, the clock for how long they have to start legal action doesn't start until they become an adult or gain legal capacity. However, this rule doesn't apply if the claim is against a public agency or employee and falls under specific sections of the Government Code. Additionally, this exception is not valid for claims against public entities that were made before January 1, 1971.

(a) If a person entitled to bring an action, mentioned in Chapter 3 (commencing with Section 335) is, at the time the cause of action accrued either under the age of majority or lacking the legal capacity to make decisions, the time of the disability is not part of the time limited for the commencement of the action.

(b) This section shall not apply to an action against a public entity or public employee upon a cause of action for which a claim is required to be presented in accordance with Chapter 1 (commencing with Section 900) or Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 910) of Part 3, or Chapter 3 (commencing with Section 950) of Part 4, of Division 3.6 of Title 1 of the Government Code. This subdivision shall not apply to any claim presented to a public entity prior to January 1, 1971.

age of majority legal capacity disability of minority ...

Section § 352.1

This law says that if someone is in prison when their right to file a lawsuit starts, the time they spend in prison doesn’t count against the deadline to file that lawsuit, but only up to two years. However, this rule doesn't apply to cases against government entities or workers, or cases related to prison conditions if those cases started or claims were filed before January 1, 1971.

(a) If a person entitled to bring an action, mentioned in Chapter 3 (commencing with Section 335), is, at the time the cause of action accrued, imprisoned on a criminal charge, or in execution under the sentence of a criminal court for a term less than for life, the time of that disability is not a part of the time limited for the commencement of the action, not to exceed two years.

(b) This section does not apply to an action against a public entity or public employee upon a cause of action for which a claim is required to be presented in accordance with Chapter 1 (commencing with Section 900) or Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 910) of Part 3, or Chapter 3 (commencing with Section 950) of Part 4, of Division 3.6 of Title 1 of the Government Code. This subdivision shall not apply to any claim presented to a public entity prior to January 1, 1971.

(c) This section does not apply to an action, other than an action to recover damages or that portion of an action that is for the recovery of damages, relating to the conditions of confinement, including an action brought by that person pursuant to Section 1983 of Title 42 of the United States Code.

imprisonment disability tolling lawsuit deadline ...

Section § 352.5

In simple terms, if someone has a legal claim against a person, and that person is required to follow a court order to pay restitution as part of their probation for the act causing the claim, the time the restitution order is active doesn't count towards the deadline to file the lawsuit based on that act.

If, after a cause of action accrues against a person, that person comes under an order for restitution as a condition of probation with respect to the specific act or omission giving rise to such person’s liability, the time during which the order is in effect is not a part of the time limited for the commencement of such an action based upon that act or omission.

cause of action restitution order probation condition ...

Section § 353.1

If you have a legal case or proceeding to start and your attorney's practice is taken over by a court in California because of certain court orders, you get an extra six months to file your case if it was close to the deadline.

If a person entitled to bring an action or other proceeding, which action or other proceeding has not been filed or otherwise instituted, is represented by an attorney over whose practice a court of this state has assumed jurisdiction pursuant to Section 6180 or Section 6190 of the Business and Professions Code, and the application for the court to assume jurisdiction is filed prior to the expiration of the applicable statute of limitation or claim statute, the person shall have six months from the date of entry of the order assuming jurisdiction within which to file or otherwise institute the matter, if the applicable statute of limitation otherwise would have expired.

legal proceeding attorney representation court jurisdiction ...

Section § 354

This law says that if someone can't start a legal case because of a war, the time they are affected by this war doesn't count towards any deadlines for filing the case. This rule applies whether the reason for the legal case happened before or during the war-related disability.

When a person is, by reason of the existence of a state of war, under a disability to commence an action, the time of the continuance of such disability is not part of the period limited for the commencement of the action whether such cause of action shall have accrued prior to or during the period of such disability.

state of war disability to commence action filing deadlines ...

Section § 354.3

This law allows owners, heirs, or beneficiaries to sue to recover artwork that was taken due to Nazi persecution between 1929 and 1945, known as Holocaust-era artwork. Such lawsuits can be filed against museums or galleries in California that have these artworks. The law overrides usual time limits for filing claims, but these lawsuits had to be initiated by the end of 2010.

(a) The following definitions govern the construction of this section:

(1) “Entity” means any museum or gallery that displays, exhibits, or sells any article of historical, interpretive, scientific, or artistic significance.

(2) “Holocaust-era artwork” means any article of artistic significance taken as a result of Nazi persecution during the period of 1929 to 1945, inclusive.

(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any owner, or heir or beneficiary of an owner, of Holocaust-era artwork, may bring an action to recover Holocaust-era artwork from any entity described in paragraph (1) of subdivision (a). Subject to Section 410.10, that action may be brought in a superior court of this state, which court shall have jurisdiction over that action until its completion or resolution. Section 361 does not apply to this section.

(c) Any action brought under this section shall not be dismissed for failure to comply with the applicable statute of limitation, if the action is commenced on or before December 31, 2010.

Holocaust-era artwork Nazi persecution art recovery ...

Section § 354.4

This section defines legal terms related to claims by Armenian Genocide victims. It allows victims or their heirs and beneficiaries living in California to sue insurance companies for policies sold in Europe or Asia from 1875 to 1923. These claims can proceed even if they miss certain deadlines, as long as they were filed by the end of 2016. Additionally, if one part of the law is invalidated, the rest can still be used.

(a) The following definitions govern the construction of this section:

(1) “Armenian Genocide victim” means any person of Armenian or other ancestry living in the Ottoman Empire during the period of 1915 to 1923, inclusive, who died, was deported, or escaped to avoid persecution during that period.

(2) “Insurer” means an insurance provider doing business in the state, or whose contacts in the state satisfy the constitutional requirements for jurisdiction, that sold life, property, liability, health, annuities, dowry, educational, casualty, or any other insurance covering persons or property to persons in Europe or Asia at any time between 1875 and 1923.

(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any Armenian Genocide victim, or heir or beneficiary of an Armenian Genocide victim, who resides in this state and has a claim arising out of an insurance policy or policies purchased or in effect in Europe or Asia between 1875 and 1923 from an insurer described in paragraph (2) of subdivision (a), may bring a legal action or may continue a pending legal action to recover on that claim in any court of competent jurisdiction in this state, which court shall be deemed the proper forum for that action until its completion or resolution.

(c) Any action, including any pending action brought by an Armenian Genocide victim or the heir or beneficiary of an Armenian Genocide victim, whether a resident or nonresident of this state, seeking benefits under the insurance policies issued or in effect between 1875 and 1923 shall not be dismissed for failure to comply with the applicable statute of limitation, provided the action is filed on or before December 31, 2016.

(d) The provisions of this section are severable. If any provision of this section or its application is held invalid, that invalidity shall not affect other provisions or applications that can be given effect without the invalid provision or application.

Armenian Genocide victims insurance claims Ottoman Empire ...

Section § 354.5

This law makes it possible for Holocaust survivors or their heirs to bring legal claims in California courts to recover benefits from insurance policies sold in Europe before 1945. This is especially true for insurance sold by companies linked to Nazi Germany and its associates. Normally, there are time limits for bringing such claims, but this law overrides those limits for claims started on or before December 31, 2010. Additionally, these claims can be filed in California if the claimant lives there, and the courts will handle them entirely.

(a) The following definitions govern the construction of this section:

(1) “Holocaust victim” means any person who was persecuted during the period of 1929 to 1945, inclusive, by Nazi Germany, its allies, or sympathizers.

(2) “Related company” means any parent, subsidiary, reinsurer, successor in interest, managing general agent, or affiliate company of the insurer.

(3) “Insurer” means an insurance provider doing business in the state, or whose contacts in the state satisfy the constitutional requirements for jurisdiction, that sold life, property, liability, health, annuities, dowry, educational, casualty, or any other insurance covering persons or property to persons in Europe at any time before 1945, directly or through a related company, whether the sale of the insurance occurred before or after the insurer and the related company became related.

(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any Holocaust victim, or heir or beneficiary of a Holocaust victim, who resides in this state and has a claim arising out of an insurance policy or policies purchased or in effect in Europe before 1945 from an insurer described in paragraph (3) of subdivision (a), may bring a legal action to recover on that claim in any superior court of the state for the county in which the plaintiff or one of the plaintiffs resides, which court shall be vested with jurisdiction over that action until its completion or resolution.

(c) Any action brought by a Holocaust victim or the heir or beneficiary of a Holocaust victim, whether a resident or nonresident of this state, seeking proceeds of the insurance policies issued or in effect before 1945 shall not be dismissed for failure to comply with the applicable statute of limitation, provided the action is commenced on or before December 31, 2010.

Holocaust victim insurance policies Nazi Germany ...

Section § 354.6

This law allows victims of slave or forced labor during World War II, or their heirs, to sue for compensation in California courts. It covers those who were forced to work without pay during 1929-1945 by the Nazi regime or its allies. Compensation includes unpaid wages and damages, adjusted for today's value with interest. Lawsuits must have been filed by December 31, 2010, and won’t be dismissed due to statute of limitations issues if filed by this date.

(a) As used in this section:

(1) “Second World War slave labor victim” means any person taken from a concentration camp or ghetto or diverted from transportation to a concentration camp or from a ghetto to perform labor without pay for any period of time between 1929 and 1945, by the Nazi regime, its allies and sympathizers, or enterprises transacting business in any of the areas occupied by or under control of the Nazi regime or its allies and sympathizers.

(2) ‛Second World War forced labor victim” means any person who was a member of the civilian population conquered by the Nazi regime, its allies or sympathizers, or prisoner-of-war of the Nazi regime, its allies or sympathizers, forced to perform labor without pay for any period of time between 1929 and 1945, by the Nazi regime, its allies and sympathizers, or enterprises transacting business in any of the areas occupied by or under control of the Nazi regime or its allies and sympathizers.

(3) “Compensation” means the present value of wages and benefits that individuals should have been paid and damages for injuries sustained in connection with the labor performed. Present value shall be calculated on the basis of the market value of the services at the time they were performed, plus interest from the time the services were performed, compounded annually to date of full payment without diminution for wartime or postwar currency devaluation.

(b) Any Second World War slave labor victim, or heir of a Second World War slave labor victim, Second World War forced labor victim, or heir of a Second World War forced labor victim, may bring an action to recover compensation for labor performed as a Second World War slave labor victim or Second World War forced labor victim from any entity or successor in interest thereof, for whom that labor was performed, either directly or through a subsidiary or affiliate. That action may be brought in a superior court of this state, which court shall have jurisdiction over that action until its completion or resolution.

(c) Any action brought under this section shall not be dismissed for failure to comply with the applicable statute of limitation, if the action is commenced on or before December 31, 2010.

World War II slave labor Nazi regime forced labor victim ...

Section § 354.7

This law is about the rights of workers who participated in the Bracero program, a U.S.-Mexico labor agreement from 1942 to 1950. It focuses on claims related to "savings funds," which were wages withheld to be paid when these workers returned to Mexico. Braceros or their heirs can file lawsuits in California if they weren't paid these funds. Importantly, these cases won't be dismissed due to time limits if filed by the end of 2005. If any part of this law is found invalid, the rest still stands.

(a) The following definitions govern the construction of this section:

(1) “Bracero” means any person who participated in the labor importation program known as the Bracero program between January 1, 1942, and January 1, 1950, pursuant to agreements between the United States and Mexico.

(2) “Savings fund” means funds withheld from the wages of braceros as savings to be paid to braceros upon their return to Mexico.

(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any bracero, or heir or beneficiary of a bracero, who has a claim arising out of a failure to pay or turn over savings fund amounts may bring a legal action or may continue a pending legal action to recover on that claim in any court of competent jurisdiction in this state, which court shall be deemed a proper forum for that action until its completion or resolution.

(c) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any action brought by a bracero, or heir or beneficiary of a bracero, arising out of a failure to pay or turn over savings fund amounts shall not be dismissed for failure to comply with the otherwise applicable statute of limitations, provided the action is filed on or before December 31, 2005.

Bracero program labor importation savings fund ...

Section § 354.8

This law allows certain lawsuits to be filed within 10 years if they involve serious issues such as assault or wrongful death linked to acts like torture, genocide, war crimes, or crimes against humanity. It also covers property taken in violation of international law and insurance claims related to these acts. These cases can be brought even if they don't meet older deadlines, and winning plaintiffs can get lawyer fees and other costs paid. The law applies to incidents after January 1, 2016, and aims to ensure sections can still stand even if parts are invalidated.

(a) Notwithstanding any other law, including, but not limited to Section 335.1, the following actions shall be commenced within 10 years:

(1) An action for assault, battery, or both, where the conduct constituting the assault or battery would also constitute any of the following:

(A) An act of torture, as described in Section 206 of the Penal Code.

(B) An act of genocide, as described in Section 1091(a) of Title 18 of the United States Code.

(D) An attempted extrajudicial killing, as defined in Section 3(a) of Public Law 102-256.

(E)

(i) Crimes against humanity.

(ii) For purposes of this paragraph, “crimes against humanity” means any of the following acts as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civil population, with knowledge of the attack:

(I) Murder.

(II) Extermination.

(III) Enslavement.

(IV) Forcible transfer of population.

(V) Arbitrary detention.

(VI) Rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization, or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity.

(VII) Persecution on political, race, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, or gender grounds.

(VIII) Enforced disappearance of persons.

(IX) Other inhuman acts of similar character intentionally causing great suffering, serious bodily injury, or serious mental injury.

(2) An action for wrongful death, where the death arises out of conduct constituting any of the acts described in paragraph (1), or where the death would constitute an extrajudicial killing, as defined in Section 3(a) of Public Law 102-256.

(3) An action for the taking of property in violation of international law, in which either of the following apply:

(A) That property, or any property exchanged for such property, is present in the United States in connection with a commercial activity carried on in the United States by a foreign state.

(B) That property, or any property exchanged for such property, is owned or operated by an agency or instrumentality of a foreign state and that agency or instrumentality is engaged in a commercial activity in the United States.

(4) An action seeking benefits under an insurance policy where the insurance claim arises out of any of the conduct described in paragraphs (1) to (3), inclusive.

(b) An action brought under this section shall not be dismissed for failure to comply with any previously applicable statute of limitations.

(c) Section 361 shall not apply to an action brought pursuant to this section if all or part of the unlawful act or acts out of which the action arises occurred in this state.

(d) A prevailing plaintiff may be awarded reasonable attorney’s fees and litigation costs including, but not limited to, expert witness fees and expenses as part of the costs.

(e) This section shall apply to all actions commenced concerning an act described in paragraphs (1) to (4), inclusive, of subdivision (a), that occurs on or after January 1, 2016.

(f) The provisions of this section are severable. If any provision of this section or its application is held invalid, that invalidity shall not affect other provisions or applications that can be given effect without the invalid provision or application.

assault and battery wrongful death torture ...

Section § 354.45

This section defines key terms related to claims by victims of the Armenian Genocide or their heirs against banks. It specifies that those affected can bring or continue legal actions in California courts to recover assets deposited or looted by banks in Ottoman Turkey from 1890 to 1923. Even if the lawsuit was filed past the usual deadline, it can still proceed if it was initiated by December 31, 2016. If any part of this law is found invalid, the rest remains in effect.

(a) For purposes of this section, the following terms have the following meanings:

(1) “Armenian Genocide victim” means any person of Armenian or other ancestry living in the Ottoman Empire during the period of 1890 to 1923, inclusive, who died, was injured in person or property, was deported, or escaped to avoid persecution during that period.

(2) “Bank” means any banking or financial institution, including any institution that issued bonds, that conducted business in Ottoman Turkey at any time during the period of 1890 to 1923, inclusive.

(3) “Deposited assets” means any and all cash, securities, bonds, gold, jewels or jewelry, or any other tangible or intangible items of personal property, or any documents indicating ownership or possessory interests in real, personal, or intangible property, that were deposited with and held by a bank.

(4) “Looted assets” means any and all personal, commercial, real, and intangible property, including cash, securities, gold, jewelry, businesses, artwork, equipment, and intellectual property, that was taken from the ownership or control of an individual, organization, or entity, by theft, forced transfer, or exploitation, during the period of 1890 to 1923, inclusive, by any person, organization, or entity acting on behalf of, or in furtherance of the acts of, the Turkish Government, that were received by and deposited with a bank.

(b) Notwithstanding any other law, any Armenian Genocide victim, or heir or beneficiary of an Armenian Genocide victim, who resides in this state and has a claim arising out of a failure of a bank to pay or turn over deposited assets, or to turn over looted assets, may bring an action or may continue a pending action, to recover on that claim in any court of competent jurisdiction in this state, which court shall be deemed the proper forum for that action until its completion or resolution.

(c) Any action, including any pending action brought by an Armenian Genocide victim, or the heir or beneficiary of an Armenian Genocide victim, who resides in this state, seeking payment for, or the return of, deposited assets, or the return of looted assets, shall not be dismissed for failure to comply with the applicable statute of limitation, if the action is filed on or before December 31, 2016.

Armenian Genocide victims Ottoman Empire deposited assets ...

Section § 355

If you start a lawsuit within the allowed time and win, but then the decision is overturned for reasons unrelated to the actual case details, you have a year to start the lawsuit again.

If an action is commenced within the time prescribed therefor, and a judgment therein for the plaintiff be reversed on appeal other than on the merits, a new action may be commenced within one year after the reversal.

lawsuit reversal appeal process judgment overturned ...

Section § 356

If you can't start a legal case because there's an official order or law stopping you, the time you're blocked from starting the case doesn't count against any deadline you have to file the case.

When the commencement of an action is stayed by injunction or statutory prohibition, the time of the continuance of the injunction or prohibition is not part of the time limited for the commencement of the action.

injunction statutory prohibition commencement of action ...

Section § 357

This law says you can't use a disability as an excuse in a legal case unless you already had that disability when the right to sue or take legal action first started.

No person can avail himself of a disability, unless it existed when his right of action accrued.

disability excuse right of action legal action timing ...

Section § 358

If someone has more than one condition or situation that legally delays the start of a time limit to take legal action, the clock for that time limit won't start until all of those conditions are no longer an issue.

When two or more disabilities coexist at the time the right of action accrues, the limitation does not attach until they are removed.

disabilities coexist right of action limitation periods ...

Section § 359

This law states that if you want to take legal action against company directors, shareholders, or members for penalties or liabilities imposed by law, you have to do it within three years of discovering the issue. It's not affected by other rules in this section.

This title does not affect actions against directors, shareholders, or members of a corporation, to recover a penalty or forfeiture imposed, or to enforce a liability created by law; but such actions must be brought within three years after the discovery by the aggrieved party of the facts upon which the penalty or forfeiture attached, or the liability was created.

company directors shareholders liability corporation members ...

Section § 359.5

This law states that if there's a surety bond that requires someone (called the principal) to perform certain obligations, and the time limit (statute of limitations) for filing a lawsuit about those obligations runs out, you can't sue the principal or the surety about those obligations under the bond. However, if the bond specifically says something different, that rule might not apply.

If the obligations under a surety bond are conditioned upon performance of the principal, the expiration of the statute of limitations with respect to the obligations of the principal, other than the obligations of the principal under the bond, shall also bar an action against the principal or surety under the bond, unless the terms of the bond provide otherwise.

surety bond principal obligations statute of limitations ...

Section § 360

This law explains that if you want to prove there's a new or ongoing contract to extend the time you have to take legal action (like suing someone), you need a written agreement signed by the person who owes money or obligations. However, if that person makes any payment towards a loan's principal or interest, it counts as a promise to keep the contract going, which can reset the time you have to take legal action. But if the time to bring a case has already ended, just making a payment won't restart it.

No acknowledgment or promise is sufficient evidence of a new or continuing contract, by which to take the case out of the operation of this title, unless the same is contained in some writing, signed by the party to be charged thereby, provided that any payment on account of principal or interest due on a promissory note made by the party to be charged shall be deemed a sufficient acknowledgment or promise of a continuing contract to stop, from time to time as any such payment is made, the running of the time within which an action may be commenced upon the principal sum or upon any installment of principal or interest due on such note, and to start the running of a new period of time, but no such payment of itself shall revive a cause of action once barred.

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Section § 360.5

This law is about extending the deadline to start a legal action if someone waives the time limit. A waiver can only block the defense of a missed deadline if it's written and signed. Waivers made before the deadline ends can't last more than four years past that deadline, and the same four-year limit applies for waivers made after the deadline. Waivers can be renewed but never for more than four years at a time. However, the rules don't apply if the waiver is meant to repay money to a county, whether from aid given to those in need or fraudulently obtained funds.

No waiver shall bar a defense to any action that the action was not commenced within the time limited by this title unless the waiver is in writing and signed by the person obligated. No waiver executed prior to the expiration of the time limited for the commencement of the action by this title shall be effective for a period exceeding four years from the date of expiration of the time limited for commencement of the action by this title and no waiver executed after the expiration of such time shall be effective for a period exceeding four years from the date thereof, but any such waiver may be renewed for a further period of not exceeding four years from the expiration of the immediately preceding waiver. Such waivers may be made successively. The provisions of this section shall not be applicable to any acknowledgment, promise or any form of waiver which is in writing and signed by the person obligated and given to any county to secure repayment of indigent aid or the repayment of moneys fraudulently or illegally obtained from the county.

waiver defense to action time limit ...

Section § 361

This law says if you can't sue someone in another state or country because too much time has passed, you generally can't sue them for the same issue in California either. The only exception is if you are a California citizen who has owned the right to sue since the issue first came up.

When a cause of action has arisen in another State, or in a foreign country, and by the laws thereof an action thereon cannot there be maintained against a person by reason of the lapse of time, an action thereon shall not be maintained against him in this State, except in favor of one who has been a citizen of this State, and who has held the cause of action from the time it accrued.

cause of action foreign country another State ...

Section § 362

This section clarifies that the rules in the Title don't apply to legal actions that have already started or where deadlines to start legal action have already passed. Current laws still apply to those situations, even though they are being repealed, unless otherwise specified.

This Title does not extend to actions already commenced, nor to cases where the time prescribed in any existing statute for acquiring a right or barring a remedy has fully run, but the laws now in force are applicable to such actions and cases, and are repealed subject to the provisions of this section.

commenced actions existing statute time prescribed ...

Section § 363

In this context, the term “action” doesn't just mean a regular lawsuit. It can also mean any kind of special legal procedure that deals with civil matters, if needed.

The word “action” as used in this Title is to be construed, whenever it is necessary so to do, as including a special proceeding of a civil nature.

action special proceeding civil nature ...

Of The Time Of Commencing Civil Actions

Of the Time of Commencing Civil ActionsGeneral Provisions As to the Time of Commencing Actions

Section § 350

Section § 351

Section § 352

Section § 352.1

Section § 352.5

Section § 353.1

Section § 354

Section § 354.3

Section § 354.4

Section § 354.5

Section § 354.6

Section § 354.7

Section § 354.8

Section § 354.45

Section § 355

Section § 356

Section § 357

Section § 358

Section § 359

Section § 359.5

Section § 360

Section § 360.5

Section § 361

Section § 362

Section § 363

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